Volume 9 ; Issue 2 ; in Month : July-Dec (2026) Article No : 181
Pandey A, Priya M, Kumar G, et al.

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have transformed diabetes therapy by improving glycaemic control, body weight and cardiometabolic outcomes. However, peptide instability, gastrointestinal degradation, limited epithelial permeability, variable absorption and frequent administration remain important pharmaceutical challenges. Nanomedicine provides opportunities to protect GLP-1RAs, enhance bioavailability, control drug release and facilitate targeted delivery. This review examines emerging GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R)-targeted nanomedicine strategies, with emphasis on research published from 2020 to 2026. Polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, nanogels, nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, biomimetic systems and stimuli-responsive platforms are discussed. Recent advances include FcRn-targeted semaglutide nanoparticles, glycocholic-acid-modified nanoparticles, supramolecular semaglutide nanocomplexes and hydrophobic-ion-paired systems for oral delivery. Particular attention is given to particle size, ligand density, encapsulation efficiency, peptide integrity, release kinetics, receptor-mediated uptake and pharmacokinetic performance. Although direct clinical evidence for GLP-1R-targeted nanoparticles remains limited, emerging preclinical findings indicate considerable potential for improving oral delivery, controlled exposure and therapeutic precision. Future development should prioritize mechanistic targeting validation, scalable manufacturing, long-term safety and clinically meaningful advantages over existing GLP-1RA formulations.

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